제3권
너무
너무 = too (much), excessively
너무 빨라요.
= It’s too fast.
한국어 너무 어려워요..
= The Korean language is too difficult.
너무 시끄러워요.
= It’s too noisy.
여기 너무 시끄러워요.
= It’s too noisy here.
Colloquial usage
너무 = very, quite (shortened form as 넘, but only in very casual language.)
in colloquial Korean, it also - “very”, “quite”, or “really”.
-고
V + 고 = the same meaning as 그리고.
Ex)
이 책은 재미있고, 싸고, 좋아요.
= This book is interesting, cheap, and good.
in a compound sentence, the tenses of the verbs don't need to agree. Just use the past / future with the final verb
** Also, it is worth noting that -고 can sometimes sound like “구” in casual, spoken Korean - particularly amongst younger women. Don't get confused however, even if your friend might say it with a “구” sound, it is still written and referred to as -고.
어제 친구를 만났고, 영화를 봤어요.
= I met a friend yesterday and saw a movie.
9월에는 한국에 가고, 10월에는 일본에 갈 거예요.
= I will go to Korea in September, and I will go to Japan in October.
앞에, 뒤에, 옆에, 위에, 밑에
| 앞 = front | 앞에 = in front of |
| 뒤 = back | 뒤에 = behind |
| 옆 = side | 옆에 = beside, next to |
| 위 = top | 위에 = over, on top of |
| 밑 = bottom | 밑에 = under, below |
in Korean, they come AFTER the words.
나무 뒤에 숨어 있었어요.
= I have been hiding behind the tree.
문 앞에서 통화하고 있었어요.
= I was talking on the phone in front of the door.
-(으)ᄅ까요?
By using -ᄅ까요? or -을까요? it is showing curiosity or uncertainty.
Usage 1: Asking oneself a question or showing doubt about something
Ex)
“I wonder what is in this bag?”
“Will he be alright?”
“Will it be hot tomorrow?”
“What will she say?”
Usage 2: Raising a question and attracting attention of others
Ex)
“Why did this happen? What do you think, everyone?”
“What do you think life is?”
Usage 3: Suggesting doing something together
Ex)
“What shall we do now?”
“Shall we go to the movies?”
“Do you want me to help you?”
Conjugation
Verb stems ending with a consonant + -을까요?
Verb stems ending with a vowel + -ᄅ까요?
(Exception) Verb stems ending with ᄅ + -까요?
이 사람은 누구일까요?
= Who do you think this person is?
= Who is this person, I wonder?
= I wonder who this person is.
우유 마실까요? 주스 마실까요?
= Shall we drink milk? Shall we drink juice?
= Do you want to drink milk or juice?
Construction for the past tense
Add the past tense suffix -았/었/였 right after the verb stem and before -(으)ᄅ까요 to make an assumption about a past event.
it can ONLY be used for expressing doubt or curiosity.
누가 전화했을까요?
= Who do you think called?
어제 탈리아나가 한국에 왔을까요?
= Do you think Taliana came to Korea yesterday?
Approximately, About / -쯤, 정도, 약
how to say “approximately” or “about” when talking quantity, frequency, time, and so on.
the word -쯤 is used AFTER nouns.
Ex)
Around 1 o’clock = 한 시쯤
About 1,000 won = 천 원쯤
Approximately one month = 한 달쯤
Similar expressions : 정도, 약
-쯤, 정도 are used after nouns, whereas 약 is used BEFORE nouns.
한 달 = one month
한 달쯤 = about a month
한 달 정도 = about a month
약 한 달 = about a month
- Note that 정도 has a space before it and 쯤 does not. Sometimes people also use 약 and 쯤 together or 약 and 정도 together.
Future Tense / -(으)ᄅ 거예요 vs -(으)ᄅ게요
-(으)ᄅ 거예요 is the most basic way to express a future plan or action. It's used to express intention or plan for a future action or expectation for a future state. This is NOT related to or affected by the reaction or the request of the other person in the conversation.
보내 + -ᄅ 거예요 = 보낼 거예요 = I will send/ I am going to send
웃 + -을 거예요 = 웃을 거예요 = I will laugh
-(으)ᄅ게요 is also expresses the future, but it focuses more on actions or decisions AS A REACTION TO or AS A RESULT OF what the other person says or thinks.
공부할 거예요.
= I am going to study.
= I will study.
* Regardless of what the other person says, you were ALREADY planning to study, and the other
person will not change your mind.
Linking Verbs / -아/어/여서
the verb ending -아/어/여+서 is similar in meaning to 그래서.
Conjugation
- verb stems ending in vowels ᅡ or ᅩ + -아서
- verb stems ending in other vowels + -어서
- 하 + -여서
만들 (verb stem) + -어서 = 만들어서
하 (verb stem) + -여서 = 해서
오 (verb stem) + -아서 = 와서
Usages
- Reason + -아/어/여서 + result
→ 비가 와서 못 갔어요. = It rained, so I couldn’t go.
→ 만나서 반갑습니다. = I met you, so I’m glad. = It’s nice to meet you.
- An action + -아/어/여서 + another action which takes place after the first action
→ 공원에 가서 책을 읽을 거예요. = I’m going to go to the park and read a book.
Note: This does NOT mean “I’m going to the park, so I’m going to read a book.”
→ 친구를 만나서 밥을 먹었어요. = I met a friend, and (we) ate together.
- An action + -아/어/여서 + the purpose of or the plan after the action
돈을 모아서 뭐 할 거예요? = What are you going to do with the money you save up? (lit. You save up money and
what will you do?)
케이크를 사서 친구한테 줄 거예요. = I’m going to buy a cake to/and give it to a friend.
- Fixed expressions There are a couple of fixed expressions which basically use the same -아/어/여서 structure but are not often used in other forms.
-에 따라서 = according to ~
Ex)
계획에 따라서 진행하겠습니다 = I’ll proceed according to the plan.
예를 들어서 = for example
Ex)
예를 들어서, 이렇게 할 수 있어요. = For example, you can do it like this.
Sample Sentences
비가 와서 집에 있었어요.
= It rained, so I stayed at home.
요즘에 바빠서 친구들을 못 만나요.
= These days I’m busy, so I can’t meet my friends.
열심히 공부해서 장학금을 받을 거예요.
= I’m going to study hard so I can get (and I will get) a scholarship.
To look like, To seem like (used with nouns) / 같다
First, take a look at how to express that something is similar to something else.
비슷하다 = to be similar
To say “A is similar to B”, you need to use -(이)랑 or -하고.
A랑 비슷해요. = It’s similar to A.
B하고 비슷해요. = It’s similar to B.
Ex)
도쿄는 서울하고 비슷해요?
= Is Tokyo similar to Seoul?
참외는 멜론하고 비슷해요.
= Chamoe (Korean melon) is similar to melon.
Now look at the word for “to be the same”
같다 = to be the same
-(이)랑 or -하고 is used here as well.
A랑 같아요. = It’s the same as A.
A하고 B는 같아요. = A and B are the same.
Ex)
이거랑 이거랑 같아요?
= Is this the same as this? / Are these two things the same?
우리는 나이가 같아요.
= We have the same age. (lit. For us, the age is the same.)
However, the word 같다, which means “to be the same”, without the particle -(이)랑 or -하 고, has a different meaning.
Conjugation Noun + 같다 = to be like + Noun / to look like + Noun / to seem to be + Noun
Ex)
커피 같아요. = It’s like coffee. / It seems to be coffee. / It looks like coffee.
거짓말 같아요. = It seems to be a lie. / It sounds like a lie.
로봇 같아요. = It’s like a robot. / It seems to be a robot. / It looks like a robot.
Sample Sentences
그 이야기는 거짓말 같아요.
= That story sounds like a lie.
이 강아지는 고양이 같아요.
= This puppy is like a cat.
To look like, To seem like (used with verbs) / -(으)ᄂ/는/(으)ᄅ 것 같아요
When using 같아요 with verbs, however, the verb needs to be changed into its noun form. There are a few different ways to change a verb into a noun,
Descriptive verbs
V + -(으)ᄂ 것
Action verbs
Present: V + -는 것
Past: V + -(으)ᄂ 것
Future: V + -(으)ᄅ 것
What does - 것 같아요 mean?
Even when 같아요 is combined with a verb, since - 것 makes the verb a noun, the basic meaning and usage is the same as “Noun + 같아요”.
- “It looks like...”
- “It seems to be...”
- “To me it looks like...”
- “I think it is...”
- “I think it will...”
- “I think it was....”
이상하 + ᄂ 것 같아요 = 이상한 것 같아요.
= It seems to be strange. / I think it is strange.
눈이 오다 = to snow
눈이 오 + 는 것 같아요 = 눈이 오는 것 같아요.
= It seems to be snowing. / I think it is snowing.
이야기하 + ᄂ 것 같아요 = 이야기한 것 같아요.
= I think they told them. / It looks like they talked.
Before -ing / -기 전에
N + 전에 = before (+ noun)
수업 전에 = before class
일요일 전에 = before Sunday
to use it with verbs such as “going” or “leaving”, the verbs need to be changed into nouns.
In this case, -기 is used to change the verbs into nouns.
가다 → 가기 (going) → 가기 전에 = before going
사다 → 사기 (buying)→ 사기 전에 = before buying
친구들하고 놀기 전에 숙제할 거예요.
= I’m going to do homework before I hang out with (my) friends.
도망가기 전에 잡으세요.
= Catch him before he runs away.
Irregular ㅂ
that if a verb has ᄇ at the end of the verb stem, and it is followed by a suffix which starts with a vowel, the ᄇ will change
Conjugation
If the vowel before ᄇ is 오, change ᄇ to 오.
If the vowel before ᄇ is not 오, change ᄇ to 우.
돕다 = to help
= 도 + ᄇ + 다 → 도 + 오 + 아요 = 도와요
* Note that it is NOT 돕아요
[present tense] 도와요
[past tense] 도왔어요
[future tense] 도울 거예요
어렵다 = to be difficult
= 어려 + ᄇ + 다 → 어려 + 우 + 어요 = 어려워요
[present tense] 어려워요
[past tense] 어려웠어요
[future tense] 어려울 거예요
Some other irregular words
눕다 = to lie down → 누워요.
굽다 = to bake → 구워요.
덥다 = to be hot (weather) → 더워요.
쉽다 = to be easy → 쉬워요.
맵다 = to be spicy → 매워요.
귀엽다 = to be cute → 귀여워요.
밉다 = to hate; to be dislikeable → 미워요.
아름답다 = to be beautiful → 아름다워요.
Note
with suffixes such as -는 or -고, ᄇ does not change.
There are a handful of verbs which do not follow this rule. The ᄇ in these words does not change when in front of a vowel.
Action verbs:
- 입다 = to wear
- 잡다 = to catch
- 씹다 = to bite
Descriptive verbs:
- 좁다 = to be narrow
- 넓다 = to be wide
서울은 겨울에 정말 추워요.
= In Seoul, it’s really cold in the winter.
이 문제는 어려워요.
= This problem is difficult.
But still, Nevertheless / 그래도
그래도 means “but still”, “however”, “nonetheless”, or “nevertheless”.
Let’s break it down: 그래도 = 그래 + 도 그래 = 그렇게 해 or 그렇게 하여 (to do it in such a way, to do that) -도 = also, too, even
The literal meaning of “그래 + 도” is “even if you do that”, “even if that happens”, or “if you do that, too” with the meaning of “still” added to the context.
Fact
If you feel the need to be more polite, or if you want to make 100% sure you are not being rude, add -요 to the end and say, “그래도요”. The “도요” combination takes a bit of work to pronounce, so you may find that other people, especially women in Seoul, end up saying “그 래두요” rather than “그래도요”
어제는 비가 왔어요. 그래도 축구를 했어요.
= Yesterday, it rained. Nevertheless, we played soccer.
저도 돈이 없어요. 그래도 걱정하지 마세요.
= I don’t have money, either. But still, don’t worry.
Making Adjectives (Part 1) / adjectives in infinitive form + -(으)ᄂ + 명사
“To be + adjective” aka “infinitive form” in English, also referred to as “descriptive verb form”.
바쁘다 → It does NOT mean “busy”. It means “to be busy”.
Conjugation
- Verb stems ending with a vowel + -ᄂ
- Verb stems ending with a consonant + -은
→ 조용하 + -ᄂ → 조용한 방 = a quiet room
→ 작 + -은 → 작은 집 = a small house
Exceptions
하얗다 → 하얀 = white [NOT 하얗은]
그렇다 → 그런 = such [NOT 그렇은]
달다 → 단 = sweet [NOT 달은]
The descriptive verbs 있다 and 없다 are also an exception because they are combined with -는; this includes verbs that end in -있다 and -없다, such as 재미있다, 맛있다, 재미없다, etc.
Commin mistake
all adjectives are in the infinitive form already, it is INCORRECT to conjugate them with -이에요.
예쁜이에요 ( x )
Adjectives in the infinitive form need to be conjugated just like action verbs.
예쁘다 → 예뻐요 ( o )
이상한 사람이에요. = He’s a strange person.
이상한 사람이에요. = He’s a strange person.
Making Adjectives (Part 2) / action verbs + -는 + 명사
Action verbs can be conjugated to be used as adjectives, too!
Conjugation
V + -는
가다 -> 가는
자다 -> 자는
For verb stems ending with ᄅ, drop ᄅ and add -는.
열다 -> 여는
불다 -> 부는
The adjective in certain sentences can actually be an adjective clause
좋아하는 책 = a book that I/you/they/someone like(s)
내가/제가 안 좋아하는 책 = a book that I don’t like
좋아하는 사람
= someone who someone likes
= someone I like
Sample Sentences
이 노래는 제가 좋아하는 노래예요.
= This song is a song that I like.
자주 먹는 한국 음식 있어요?
= Is there a Korean food that you eat often?
요즘 공부하고 있는 외국어는 일본어예요.
= The foreign language I am studying these days is Japanese.
Well then, In that case, If so / 그러면, 그럼
그러면 = in that case; if so; then
그러면 is a combination of 그렇다, which means “to be so”, and -면.
A shorter version of 그러면 => 그럼
지금 바빠요? 그러면 언제 안 바빠요?
= You’re busy now? Then WHEN are you not busy?
한국 음식 좋아해요? 그럼 김밥도 좋아해요?
= Do you like Korean food? Then do you like kimbap, too?
진짜요? 그럼 이제 어떻게 해요?
= Really? If so, what do we do now?
Fact
As an adverb, 그럼 (shortening of 그러면) indeed means ‘then’ or ‘in that case’. However, the interjection 그럼 (or 그럼요 in polite form) means ‘of course!’ or ‘naturally!’ Depending on the context you can distinguish the difference between the two.
Let’s / -아/어/여요 (청유형)
There are a few different ways to say “let’s” in Korean:
- -아/어/여요 [polite/plain]
- -(으)시죠 [honorific]
- -자 [informal]
- -(으)ㄹ래요? [polite/casual]
- -(으)실래요? [polite/formal]
The most frequently used form is the first example above, -아/어/여요
Sample Sentences
저도 서점에 갈 거예요. 같이 가요!
= I’m going to the bookstore, too. Let’s go together!
배 안 고파요? 우리 햄버거 먹어요.
= Aren’t you hungry? Let’s eat hamburgers.
In order to, For the sake of / 위해, 위해서
Fact
위하다 means “to put forth the effort for something/someone” or “to do something to benefit someone”, but it is rarely used as is without being changed to another form.
위해 = 위해서 = in order to/for, for the sake of.
Same
위해 = 위하여 위해서 = 위하여서
Usages:
Noun + -를 위해/위해서
= in order for + noun = for the sake of + noun
건강을 위해서 = for health; for the sake of health; in order to be healthy
회사를 위해서 = for the company; for the good of the company
Verb stem + -기 위해/위해서
한국에 가기 위해서 = in order to go to Korea
일본어를 배우기 위해서 = in order to learn Japanese
Sample Sentences
저는 한국에 가기 위해서 열심히 공부했어요.
= I studied hard in order to go to Korea.
부모님을 위해서 돈을 모았어요.
= I saved up money for my parents.
Nothing but, Only / -밖에 + 부정형
-밖에 + negative verb conjugationnothing else but” or “do not do anything other than in English
Conjugation
Noun + -밖에 + negative conjugation
콜라밖에 안 마시다 = to only drink cola
돈밖에 없다 = to have nothing but money, to only have money
Sample sentences
한국어 조금밖에 못 해요. = I can only speak a little bit of Korean.
이것밖에 없어요? = This is it? = You only have this?
After -ing / 다음에, 후에, 뒤에
-(으)ᄂ + 다음에
-(으)ᄂ + 후에
-(으)ᄂ + 뒤에
Conjugation
Verb stem + -(으)ᄂ + 다음(or 후/뒤)에 = after -ing
Interesting
you learned how to conjugate verbs into adjectives using -(으)ᄂ. Here, -(으)ᄂ indicates that the verb was done in the past, which makes the adjective clause “after -ing” past tense.
Sample sentences
영화 본 다음에 우리 커피 마셔요.
= After watching the movie, let’s drink coffee.
영화 본 다음에 우리 커피 마셔요.
= After watching the movie, let’s drink coffee.
Even if, Even though / -아/어/여도
-아/어/여도 = even if, even though
Sample sentences
집에 가도, 밥이 없어요.
= Even if I go home, there is no food.
냄새는 이상해도 맛있어요.
= It is tasty even though it smells weird.