제4권
The more ..., the more ... / -(으)면 -(으)ᄅ수록
the more [A], the more [B]
‘The more [A]’ is expressed through the verb -(으)면, and ‘the more [B]’ is expressed through -(으)ᄅ수록.
Conjugation:
V-(으)ᄅ수록
(Exception) V-ᄅ + -수록
맛있을수록 잘 팔려요.
= The more delicious it is, the better it sells.
바쁠수록 건강이 중요해요.
= The busier you are, the more important your health is.
바쁠수록 잠을 많이 자야 돼요.
= (lit.) The busier you are, the more you need to sleep.
= You need to sleep more, particularly when you are busy.
Meaning can also be
(1) ‘Even more so, especially when ...’
(2) ‘Especially if ...’ or ‘even more ...’
(3) ‘Particularly when ...’
Using -(으)ᄅ수록 with -(으)면
- when the speaker wants to emphasize his/her point a little better
=> by using the same verb stem and attaching it to -(으)면
The cheaper it is, the more of it you can buy.
= 쌀수록 많이 살 수 있어요.
= 싸면 쌀수록 많이 살 수 있어요.
Set expression 갈수록
갈수록 추워요.
= It keeps getting colder.
사브린 씨는 갈수록 한국어를 잘해요.
= Sabrin keeps getting better at Korean.
Sample Sentences
친구는 많을수록 좋아요.
= (When it comes to friends,) The more friends you have, the better.
= 친구는 많으면 많을수록 좋아요.
비쌀수록 잘 팔려요.
= The more expensive it is, the better it sells.
= 비싸면 비쌀수록 잘 팔려요.
재미있는 사람일수록 인기가 많아요.
= The more interesting a person is, the more popular he/she is.
= If you are an interesting person, it’s more likely that you are popular.
Dialog
A: 언제까지 결정해야 돼요?
B: 빠르면 빠를수록 좋아요.
A: 그럼 빨리 결정해서 알려 줄게요.
A: When do I have to make a decision by?
B: The earlier, the better.
A: Alright, I will decide soon and let you know.
Do you want to ...? / -(으)ᄅ래요?
-(으)ᄅ래요 is used when expressing the intent or the will to do something. If you place a
“Do you want to...?”
“I want to...” or “I’m going to...”.
Conjugation:
V + -(으)ᄅ래요
V-ᄅ + -래요 (팔다->팔래요)
Sample Sentences
집에 갈래요.
= I want to go home. / I’m going to go home.
뭐 마실래요?
= What do you want to drink?
= What are you going to drink?
이거 볼래?
= Do you want to see this?
언제 만날래?
= When do you want to meet?
It can’t be ... / -(으)ᄅ 리가 없어요
-(으)ᄅ 리가 없어요 means ‘it can’t be...’ or ‘it is impossible that...’.
Conjugation:
V + (으)ᄅ 리가 없어요.
V-ᄅ + 리가 없어요.
Meaning of 리
리 means ‘reason’ or ‘logic’ and can be found in the words 이유 (‘reason’) and 논리 (‘logic’). Therefore, the structure -(으)ᄅ 리가 없어요 literally means ‘there is no reason that ...’ or ‘there is no logic behind the fact that ...’, and when it is translated into English, it means ‘it can’t be ...’ or ‘it is impossible ...’.
그럴 리가 없어요!
= It can’t be!
= It can’t be so!
= That’s impossible!
눈이 올 리가 없어요!
= It’s impossible that it’s snowing!
= It can’t be snowing!
모를 리가 없어요.
= It can’t be that he/she doesn’t know.
= It’s impossible that he/she doesn’t know.
Using with past & future
past: -았/었/였 + -을 리가 없어요 future: the same as the present
P: 갈 리가 없어요 => 갔을 리가 없어요
= There’s no way that he/she went.
있을 리가 없어요 => 있었을 리가 없어요
= It’s impossible that there was ...
F: 내일이 일요일일 리가 없어요.
= There’s no way that tomorrow is Sunday.
Sample Sentences
정말요? 그럴 리가 없어요!
= Really? That can’t be true!
효진 씨가 안 왔을 리가 없어요.
= It’s impossible that Hyojin didn’t come.
= There is no way that Hyojin is not here.
경은 씨가 노래를 할 리가 없어요.
= There is no way that Kyeong-eun is going to sing.
= It’s impossible that Kyeong-eun will sing.
안 추울 리가 없어요. 지금 1월이에요.
= It’s impossible that it is not cold. It’s January right now.
이상하네요. 안 될 리가 없어요.
= It’s strange. There’s no way that it’s not going to work.
Verb Ending: -지(요) / -지(요)
Conjugation:
Present: V + -지(요)
Past: V + -았/었/였 + -지(요)
Future: V + -(으)ᄅ 거 + -지(요) (almost exclusively used only as an interrogative ending)
Usages
- talking about something, supposing that the other person also already knows about it;
- both you and the other person know about something or have a common opinion about something, and you are just mentioning the fact again.
as an interrogative (question) ending when:
- both you and the other person know about something, but you are just reassuring yourself by asking the question;
- you know about something, and you are asking yourself to confirm the fact. In this case, you don’t speak in 존댓말;
- you don’t know something, so you are asking yourself a question. Usually you are thinking out loud and asking the other people around you at the same time. 반말 is used in this case as well.
오늘 금요일이에요. = Today is Friday.
오늘 금요일이네요! = Oh, today is Friday!
오늘 금요일이지요. = Today is Friday.
NOTE
In 존댓말, -지요 often changes to -죠 for simplicity
Sample Sentances
오늘 날씨 춥지요?
= The weather is cold today, right?
→ (You know that the other person knows that the weather is cold.)
맞아요. 피자 정말 맛있죠.
= That’s right. Pizza really is delicious.
→ (You know that the other person also thinks that pizza is delicious.)
재미있지요?
= It’s fun, right?
→ (You know that the other person already thinks that it is fun, but you are asking again
just to make sure.)
이게 뭐지? (asking oneself)
= What is this?
→ (You are not directly asking anybody, so you do not say “이게 뭐야?” or “이게 뭐예
요?”)
그럴 수도 있죠.
= Yeah, that could be possible.
“당신” and “you” / 당신
in reality, native Korean speakers rarely use the word ‘you’ in sentences, especially when speaking in 존댓말, or formal language.
You can use the word 당신 when:
- you are angry at someone and don’t mind fighting or arguing with that person;
- you are translating from a foreign language and you absolutely must have a word for ‘you’;
- you are writing or singing a song, or are using indirect language in general;
- you are addressing your spouse (commonly used among middle-aged or older people);
- (rare case) you are talking about someone (who is not present) in an honorific way and want to say ‘he’ or ‘she’.
Usage 1
당신 뭐야?
= Who do you think you are? / What are you?
당신 뭐가 문제야?
= What’s your problem?
Using 당신 in this fashion evokes the feeling that you really don’t mind getting in a quarrel or a fight with the other person. Note that you are not speaking entirely in 존댓말 anymore. If you are already speaking in 반말, you would say “너”.
Usage 2 & 3
당신의 눈은 참 아름다워요.
= Your eyes are so beautiful.
당신에게 이 노래를 바칩니다.
= I dedicate this song to you.
You are forced to use 당신 here because you do not know the name of the other person without context.
Usage 4
당신 지금 어디예요?
= Honey, where are you?
Other words which can replace 당신 in this usage are 여보 (most common) and 자기 (more common among young couples).
Usage 5
This is becoming more and more rare. Often at times, people drop the word 당신 simply out of fear of being misunderstood.
in 반말
say ‘너’
너 + 는 [topic] = 너는
너 + 가 [subject] = 네가 (written) or 니가 (spoken)
in 존댓말
say the name of the other person and add suffixes such as -씨, -님, or a word which describes his or her position or job title.
현우 씨 지금 시간 있어요?
= (Talking to 현우) Do you have time now?
최경은 선생님, 어디예요?
= (Talking to teacher 최경은) Where are you?
기사님, 여기에서 내려 주세요.
= (Talking to the taxi driver) Please drop me off here.
It’s okay, I’m okay. / 괜찮아요.
Present tense = 괜찮아요.
Past tense = 괜찮았어요.
Future tense = 괜찮을 거예요.
Usage
- I am okay/I am alright/Everything is fine.
- Don’t worry/No worries
- It’s good
- I’m cool/I am good/No, thanks
It is okay to ..., You don’t have to ... / -아/어/여도 돼요, 안 -아/어/여도 돼요
‘it is okay to...’ or ‘you don’t have to/need to...’
되다 means ‘to function’, ‘to be possible’, or ‘can do’.
지금 인터넷 돼요?
= Does the Internet work now?
지금 배달 돼요?
= Can you deliver the food now? / Is food delivery available now?
배달 돼요?
= Do you deliver food as well? / Can food delivery be done?
-아/어/여 + -도 means ‘even if’ or ‘even when’
So,
-아/어/여 + -도 + 되다 = -아/어/여도 되다 means ‘it is okay to...’ or ‘it is okay even if you...’.
켜도 돼요. = It’s okay. You can turn it on.
내일 해도 돼요? = Is it okay if I do it tomorrow?
시작해도 돼요. = You can start.
시작해도 돼요? = Can I start? / Can we start?
Negative
(-아/어/여 + -도 + 되다) and adding 안 in front of it, you can say ‘don’t have to...’ or ‘it is not necessary to...’.
Note
안 + -아/어/여 + -도 + 되다 does NOT translate to ‘you shouldn’t...’
청소 안 해도 돼요. = You don’t have to clean up. / It is okay if you don’t clean up.
안 마셔도 돼요. = You don’t have to drink. / It’s okay if you don’t drink.
Sample Sentances
이거 나중에 해도 돼요. = You can do this later. (Question form: 이거 나중에 해도 돼요? = Can I do this later?) 컴퓨터 써도 돼요? = May I use the computer? 오늘 쉬어도 돼요. = You can take a day off today.
You shouldn’t ..., You’re not supposed to ... / -(으)면 안 돼요
‘it is not okay if...’ or ‘it is not acceptable if...’, and it can be more naturally translated to ‘you shouldn’t...’ or ‘you’re not supposed to...’
Conjugation:
Verb stem + -(으)면 안 되다
Break Down
-(으)면 안 되다 can be broken into two parts: -(으)면 and 안 되다.
-(으) 면 means ‘if' and 되다 means ‘to work’, ‘to function’, ‘to be possible’, or ‘can do’. Therefore, 안 되다 means ‘it can’t be done’, ‘it’s not possible’, or ‘it is not okay’.
열면 안 돼요.
= You shouldn’t open it. / You are not supposed to open it.
열면 안 돼요?
= Should I not open it? / Am I not supposed to open it?
열면 안 돼.
= [to a child] You shouldn’t open it.
열면 안 돼.
= [to a child] You shouldn’t open it.
던지면 안 돼요.
= You should not throw it.
던져도 돼요.
= It’s okay to throw it.
Sample Sentances
지금 말하면 안 돼요? = Shouldn’t I tell/talk now? / Am I not supposed to tell/talk now? 여기서 팔면 안 돼요? = Shouldn’t I sell it here? / Am I not supposed to sell it here? 그거 던지면 안 돼요. 유리예요. = You should not throw it. It’s (made of) glass.
Among, Between / 중에서, 사이에서, 사이에
-에서 is a way to mark a location;
therefore, when 중 and -에서 are together, it literally means ‘in the middle’.
중에서
When choosing from a few options, put 중에서 at the end of ‘A and B’.
- To make 중에서 shorter, you can drop 서.
Between A and B
= A하고 B 중에서
Between this book and that book
= 이 책하고 저 책 중에서
Among these three things
= 이 세 개 중에서
Please take one of these three.
= 이 세 개 중에서 하나 가져가세요.
사이에서
When saying ‘among’, such as in ‘popular among friends’ or ‘famous among teenagers’, can refer to a relationship or the theoretical space between certain objects or people.
Among friends
= 친구들 사이에서
This singer is popular among Koreans.
= 이 가수는 한국인들 사이에서 인기가 많아요.
Seokjin is popular among our listeners.
= 석진 씨는 청취자들 사이에서 인기가 많아요.
사이에
사이에 is used to refer to the physical space between two objects or people.
I am between the bank and the park.
= 은행하고 공원 사이에 있어요.
The pharmacy is between the school and the police station.
= 약국은 학교하고 경찰서 사이에 있어요.
Any / 아무 (Part 1)
To try doing something / -아/어/여 보다
Sometimes, Often, Always, Seldom, Never / 가끔, 자주, 항상, 별로, 전혀
Any / 아무 (Part 2)
Spacing in Korean / 띄어쓰기 (Part 1)
Space between:
- Adj and Noun
- Adv and a V
- N(+ marker) and V
- N and another N
No Space between:
- a noun/pronoun and a marker
- nouns in a proper name
한국관광공사 = Korea Tourism Organization
서울도시철도공사 = Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit
Exceptions
- Words which form fixed expressions can be written together without space.
이 + 것 = 이 것 → 이것
가족 + 사진 = 가족 사진 → 가족사진
* These two words are put together because they are commonly used together.
** This lack of spacing is commonly found in Sino-Korean words.
- Noun + 하다
- 공부(를) 하다 = 공부 하다 → 공부하다
- 운동(을) 하다 = 운동 하다 → 운동하다
Word Contractions - Topic/Subject marker / 축약형 (Part 1) - 주격 조사
Topic marker
after nouns and pronouns, sometimes they are shortened
- 저는 → 전 [polite]
- 나는 → 난 [casual]
- 이것은 [very formal] → 이거는 [casual] → 이건 [casual]
- 서울에는 → 서울엔
- 어제는 → 어젠
저는 괜찮아요. = I’m alright. → 전 괜찮아요.
나는 여기 있을게. = I’ll stay here. → 난 여기 있을게.
이것은 뭐예요? = What is this? → 이건 뭐예요?
서울에는 왜 왔어요? = What brings you to Seoul? → 서울엔 왜 왔어요?
어제는 왜 안 왔어요? = Why didn’t you come yesterday? → 어젠 왜 안 왔어요?
Subject marker
것+-이=>게.
- 이것이 [formal] → 이게 [casual]
- 저것이 [formal] → 저게 [casual]
- 그것이 [formal] → 그게 [casual]
이것이 좋아요. = This one is good. → 이게 좋아요.
저것이 더 예뻐요. = That (over there) is prettier. → 저게 더 예뻐요.
그것이 어디 있어요? = Where is it? → 그게 어디 있어요?
Sample Sentences
전 학생이에요. = I am a student.
이건 제 거예요. = This is mine.
서울엔 눈이 오고 있어요. = (Well, in other areas I don’t know, but) As far as Seoul is concerned, it is snowing.
어젠 뭐 했어요? = What did you do yesterday?
저게 편해요. = That is convenient. / There are no other things as convenient as that one.
저는 그게 없어요. = I don't have it.
The most / 제일, 가장
Most (+ adjective/adverb) = 제일/가장
Fact
제일 - Sino-Korean, while 가장 - native Korean word.
제일 예쁜 여자 = 가장 예쁜 여자
제일 좋아요.
= (subject) is the best (most + good).
제일 좋은 것
= the best (most + good) thing
Sample Sentences
이게 제일 좋아요. = This is the best (one). 제일 가까운 역이 어디예요? = Where is the closest station? 어떤 색깔이 가장 좋아요? = Which color is the best? / Which color is your favorite? 제일 먼저 온 사람이 누구예요? = Who is the person that came here first? 요즘 가장 인기 있는 가수는 누구예요? = These days, who is the most popular singer?
Less, Not completely / 덜
덜 = less can only be used as an adverb
덜 비싼 것 없어요?
= Don’t you have a less expensive one?
물은 더 마시고, 밥은 덜 먹어야 돼요.
= (lit.) You should drink water more and eat less rice.
덜 can also mean “not completely yet”.
“not fully” or “not completely yet”.
A: 그 우유 다 마셨어요?
= Did you drink all of that milk?
B: 아니요. 다 안 마셨어요. 덜 마셨어요.
= No, I didn’t drink all of it. I haven’t finished it yet.
A: 다 왔어요?
= Are we there yet?
B: 덜 왔어요.
= We are not there yet.
Spacing in Korean / 띄어쓰기 (Part 2)
Word Contractions / 축약형 (Part 2)
Much (more), Much (less) / 훨씬
-(으)ᄅ + noun (future tense noun group) / -(으)ᄅ + 명사, -(으)ᄅ 것
-(으)ᄂ + noun (past tense noun group) / -(으)ᄂ + 명사, -(으)ᄂ 것
I think that ... / ... 것 같다
To become + adjective / -아/어/여지다
To gradually get to do, To end up doing / -게 되다
Conjugation:
V + -게 되다
[present tense] 하게 돼요.
[past tense] 하게 됐어요.
[future tense] 하게 될 거예요.
::tip Meanings of -게 + 되다 = things happen in a way in which someone gets to do something = to get into a state where someone does something :::
Usages
- When you do not want to do something, but you have to and you eventually end up doing it;
안 먹고 싶어요. 그런데 먹게 돼요.
= I don’t want to eat it, but I keep eating it anyway.
- when you did not expect or intend to do something, but you ended up having to do it;
지난 주에 영화를 보게 됐어요.
= I wasn’t planning to in the first place, but I got to see a movie last week.
- when you want to say that you (or someone else) will eventually do something in the future whether or not you (or he/she) want(s) to.
그렇게 하게 될 거예요.
= You will eventually end up doing it that way.
오게 될 거예요.
= He will eventually come here.
Sample Sentences
내일 알게 될 거예요. = You will find out tomorrow. 다 사게 됐어요. = I ended up buying everything.
다시 학교에 다니게 됐어요. = (Things have happened so that) now I can go back to school. 어떻게 여기에 오게 됐어요? = How did you get to come here? 만나게 되면 말해 주세요. = If you get to meet him, tell me.